Substructure works refer to all construction activities that take place below the ground level and form the foundation of a building or infrastructure. These works ensure that the structure is stable, supported, and protected from ground-related issues. Key substructure activities include:
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Site excavation: Removing soil to the required depth and preparing the ground.
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Foundations: Constructing footings, pad foundations, strip foundations, or piles that transfer loads to the soil.
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Ground beams and column bases: Structural elements that support the superstructure.
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Basement construction (if any): Walls, floors, waterproofing, and drainage systems.
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Backfilling and compaction: Returning suitable soil around foundations to support the structure.
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Damp-proofing and waterproofing: Protection against moisture from the ground.
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Drainage installations: Laying pipes, soak pits, and other systems to manage groundwater or stormwater.

